Animal shelters face significant challenges in preventing, diagnosing, and treating many forms of infectious disease due to limited financial and organizational resources. Daily decisions must be made about the best allocation of resources for prevention and treatment of disease, spaying/ neutering, and behavioral rehabilitation. HWD is among the most complex infectious diseases to detect, treat, and prevent. For that reason, it presents a special challenge to animal shelters.
According to a 2009 compliance study 2 published by the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA), 64% of dogs do not receive any heartworm preventive medication. Considering how difficult achieving compliance with veterinary recommendations is among the best clients, it is easy to understand how a surrendered animal is unlikely to have received good or consistent preventive veterinary care.
By better understanding prevention, testing, and management approaches to HWD in the shelter environment, veterinarians in private practice can:
HWD is particularly hard for shelters to manage due to the cost, time, and other resources associated with diagnosis and treatment. Many animal shelters strive to help as many animals as possible by keeping the average length of stay to the shortest possible duration. The added time required to kennel a dog and treat it for HWD means that place in the shelter is unavailable for another dog. Furthermore, some animal shelters do not have trained staff available to perform heartworm testing or provide treatment.
Veterinarians must understand how their local shelters operate. Rather than passing judgment on the chosen testing or prevention policy, understanding the reasons behind the shelter’s choices can help veterinarians be good partners with people who adopt from the shelter. Today’s adopter is tomorrow’s client. Some shelters are receptive to private practitioner input and suggestions for improvements to protocols, while others want to stay focused on the priorities they have already chosen.
An estimated 30% of pets in the U.S. are acquired from animal shelters, and that number is growing. 3 Veterinarians in private practice frequently find themselves counseling clients who have adopted, or are considering adopting, a pet from an animal shelter.
When a recently adopted animal is presented to the clinic, it is important to understand the substantial variation in how shelters are able to manage prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of HWD.
It is also important to know whether local shelters bring in animals from areas of the country that have a higher prevalence of HWD (see Special Considerations for Transported Dogs).
Dogs
Although funds may not be available for HWD diagnostics in all shelters, an ideal goal is to perform a heartworm antigen and microfilaria test in all dogs at intake, as recommended by the American Heartworm Society (AHS) in their current guidelines. 4 dogs for heartworms should communicate to adopters that immediate, and annual, testing is critical in order to detect infection and initiate Shelters that do not test their treatment, if needed.
Cats
Heartworm infection in cats is a more elusive diagnosis, requiring use of heartworm serology, thoracic radiography, and echocardiography for clinical diagnosis. None of the presently available antigen tests can be relied upon to rule out feline HWD, and the correct interpretation of antibody test results requires additional information and thoughtful analysis. Because cats do not pose a risk for heartworm transmission, testing for heartworms in the shelter cat should be reserved for symptomatic cats.
AHS Protocol
The AHS protocol is considered the gold standard for elimination of heartworms from dogs, based on current knowledge. This protocol for dogs entails a pretreatment phase, which includes administration of doxycycline, and monthly heartworm preventive agents for 2 months before beginning a 3-injection treatment with an adulticide. Some shelters can implement this protocol while dogs are under their care or in foster homes, while others must leave treatment to adopting owners and their veterinarians to implement.
Use of Other Protocols
Not all shelters share the same level of expertise in heartworm treatment or client education. In the shelter setting, the decision to use a treatment protocol other than the AHS protocol can be a deliberate “war zone” approach to treating HWD—in human medicine, treatment options in war zones or developing countries do not always reflect the best recommendation available, but are better than no option.
Melarsomine/Doxycycline/Macrocyclic Lactone/Prednisone. For instance, a treatment protocol in which 2 melarsomine injections are administered as described in the product insert decreases total adult worm numbers by 90% and male worm numbers by almost 100%.
Administering doxycycline and a macrocyclic lactone during the 1-month rest period after melarsomine administration eliminates most of the remaining circulating microfilariae, and any remaining adult worms are essentially sterile and die of attrition over time. Furthermore, any remaining microfilariae are unlikely to develop into adult worms even if ingested by a mosquito and eventually transmitted to another canid.
Finally, administration of prednisone after the melarsomine injections, as described in the AHS protocol, may decrease the complication rate. This protocol is not the best approach, but reduces the time and cost of treatment, and it is an improvement over the 80% worm burden reduction seen in the days of caparsolate therapy.
Another suboptimal therapeutic choice is administration of a monthly preventive, along with doxycycline pulse therapy.
“Slow Kill” Protocol. Shelter staff members that implement the “slow kill” protocol, or recommend it to adopters, are usually well intentioned—doing their best to start the pet off on the right foot based on the knowledge and resources they have.
The myth that the “slow kill” method is “just as good” as melarsomine therapy may have originated in McCall and colleagues’ 2001 study. 5 This study demonstrated that 30 months of ivermectin at preventive doses reduced 7-month-old worms by 94% and 8-month-old worms by 56%. However, the older the worms are at the start of “slow kill” therapy, the less efficacious the therapy is in the patient.
Unfortunately, adopters are frequently instructed that the worms will “just go away” if monthly heartworm preventive medication is administered. In addition, concomitant doxycycline therapy to eliminate Wolbachia species and potentially reduce inflammatory damage may not be recommended.
However, shelter staff should inform adopters when dogs are being treated with a protocol that is less than the gold standard, and instruct them to consider following up with their veterinarians for further treatment. This is a rational approach given the limited time and resources in the shelter setting.
It is important to educate clients considering adopting an animal from a shelter about the possibility of heartworm infection, given the shelter’s practices and local heartworm prevalence.
Heartworm Testing
Due to the lag time between exposure to HWD and the point at which a pet tests positive, clients should be counseled that an animal is not considered truly heartworm-free until 2 antigen tests—separated by 6 months—detect no signs of infection.
Most shelter animals have no known veterinary history before admission to the shelter, so recently adopted animals need to return to the veterinarian for a repeat heartworm test 6 months after their initial visits. Because young worms and low worm burdens do not generate enough antigen to result in a positive test result, the AHS recommends the use of the more accurate “no antigen detected” language, rather than a reporting of a “negative” result.
Heartworm Treatment
If the shelter does not use, or recommend, the AHS’ recommended protocol for treatment, clients need to be informed about the risks and responsibilities associated with the selected treatment method, including the following:
Animal shelters play a vital role in communities by reducing the problems caused by stray and unwanted animals, and they play an important part in facilitating pet acquisition. When people adopt, they are serving a role in animal rescue and reducing the number of animals euthanized in animal shelters.
It is vital to remember that heartworm positivity among pets in shelters is not the fault of the shelter or animal. The animals are caught in social and economic circumstances that may have kept them from receiving proper preventive care, and animal shelters are instrumental in helping stray or unwanted animals become healthy and cherished pets.
Veterinarians can help clients bring their new, adopted pets along the pathway to health and happiness through understanding; communication; and good heartworm testing, treatment, and prevention practices.
AHS = American Heartworm Society; ASV = Association of Shelter Veterinarians; HWD = heartworm disease
1. Colby KN, Levy JK, Dunn KF, Michaud RI. Diagnostic, treatment, and prevention protocols for canine heartworm infection in animal sheltering agencies. Vet Parasitol 2011; 176(4):333-341.
2. American Animal Hospital Association. Compliance: Taking Quality Care to the Next Level, 2009; available at aaha.org/professional/store/product_detail .aspx?code=cmtkq&title=compliance_taking_quality _care_to_the_next_level#gsc.tab=0.
3. GfK Roper Public Affairs & Corporate Communications. The AP-Petside.com Poll, 2011, available at ap-gfkpoll. com/main/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/AP-Petside -com-October-2011-Pets-Topline-FINAL_Shelter.pdf.
4. Nelson CT, McCall JW, Carithers D (eds). Current Canine Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Heartworm (dirofilaria immitis) Infection in Dogs, 2014. Available at heartwormsociety .org/images/pdf/2014-AHS-Canine-Guidelines.pdf.
5. McCall JW, Guerrero J, Roberts RE, et al. Further evidence of clinical prophylactic, retroactive (reach back) and adulticidal activity of monthly administrations of ivermectin (Heartgard PlusTM) in dogs experimentally infected with heartworms. In Seward RL (ed): Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium 2001. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 2001, pp 189-200.
Suggested Reading
McCall JW, Ryan WG, Roberts RE, Dzimianski MT. Heartworm adulticidal activity of prophylactic doses of ivermectin (6 μg/kg) plus pyrantel administered monthly to dogs. In Seward RL (ed): Recent Advances in Heartworm Disease: Symposium ‘98. Batavia, IL: American Heartworm Society, 1998, pp 209-215.
MARTHA SMITH-BLACKMORE, DVM
Center for Animals & Public Policy
Tufts Cummings School of VeterinaryMedicine
